Chimpanzee hand bone1/27/2024 ![]() ![]() Variability at the carpometacarpal and midcarpal joints involving the fourth metacarpal, hamate, and lunate in catarrhini. Evolution of the power ("squeeze") grip and its morphological correlates in hominids. The third metacarpal styloid process in humans: origin and functions. Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools. Joint remodelling and the evolution of the human hand. EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN THE PRIMATE WRIST AND INFERIOR RADIO-ULNAR JOINTS. A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS HOMO FROM OLDUVAI GORGE. Second metacarpal midshaft geometry in an historic cemetery sample. The equilibrium of the "intercalated" bone. EMG of the human flexor pollicis longus muscle: implications for the evolution of hominid tool use. Hamrick MW, Churchill SE, Schmitt D, Hylander WL.Relative tension and potential excursion of muscles in the forearm and hand. Hominid thumb strength predicted by high resolution magnetic resonance imaging and force measurements in living subjects. Bimson B, Ottevanger J, Roberts N, Macho G, Percy D, Whitehouse GH.Curvature characteristics and congruence of the thumb carpometacarpal joint: differences between female and male joints. A B-spline least-squares surface-fitting method for articular surfaces of diarthrodial joints. The new techniques are identifying skeletal variables whose form may provide clues to the potential of fossil hominid hands for one-handed firm precision grips and fine precision manoeuvering movements, both of which are essential for habitual and effective tool making and tool use. The systematic comparative studies are highlighting a functional complex of features in the human hand facilitating a distinctive repertoire of grips that are apparently more effective for stone tool making than grips characterising various nonhuman primate species. Such models are now beginning to take shape as new techniques are applied to the capture, management and analysis of data on kinetic and kinematic variables ranging from hand joint structure, muscle mechanics, and the distribution and density of bone to joint movements and muscle recruitment during manipulative behaviour. ![]() These have assessed the relative abilities of apes and humans to manufacture the Oldowan tools, but consensus has been hampered by disagreements about how to translate experimental data from living species into quantitative models for predicting the performance of fossil hands. Could the Olduvai hand have made the tools? Did the human hand evolve as an adaptation to tool making and tool use? The debate has been fueled by anatomical studies comparing living and fossil human and nonhuman primate hands, and by experimental observations. The discovery of fossil hand bones from an early human ancestor at Olduvai Gorge in 1960, at the same level as primitive stone tools, generated a debate about the role of tools in the evolution of the human hand that has raged to the present day.
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